American pool is one of the most complex forms of billiards, with a particularly large number of rules—even more complex than snooker. American pool is played on a specially designed American pool table. An American pool table can be divided into two main areas: a) the break area and b) the spot. a) The break area is defined by drawing a horizontal line parallel to the width of the table at one-fifth of the table’s length. Using the center of this line as the center point and one-sixth of the table’s width as the radius, a semicircle is drawn between the intersection of the line and the head rail; this semicircle is the break area (D-shaped area).　The b-spot is the intersection of the diagonals connecting the two top pockets and the two side pockets. A standard American pool table uses a total of 16 balls: one cue ball (white), numbered 1–7 (solid-colored balls), 9–15 (striped balls), and the 8-ball (black). Each ball weighs 170 grams and has a diameter of 5.71–5.75 centimeters. At the start of the game, place the cue ball at the midpoint of the center line in the a) break area. At the b) spot, use a triangle to arrange the 15 colored balls in a triangle formation. The 8-ball is placed in the center of the third row, and the remaining solid and striped balls should be spaced as far apart as possible. The ball at the apex is placed on the spot; the colored balls must be aligned and placed tightly together, with no gaps. Once all balls are properly positioned on the table, the game format must be determined. American pool includes two variations: with or without designated pocket rules. No-sequence designated pocket play: 1. The breaking player breaks from any point within the D-shaped area. According to the rules, there is no set order; the player must designate a pocket and pocket all of their own target balls before being allowed to strike the 8-ball. The player who pockets the 8-ball without committing a foul wins the game; 2. After the break, on every shot in a single frame, at least one ball (including the cue ball) must contact the rail; otherwise, a foul is called. Sequential “Point-and-Pocket” Game: 1. After the break, the shot is considered valid if at least two balls (including the cue ball) contact the rail, or if at least one object ball is pocketed. 2. If a player fails to meet the requirements after the break, or if the cue ball or the 8-ball is pocketed or goes out of bounds during the break, a break foul is called. Play continues without interruption, and the opponent takes their turn, choosing the shot and selecting a target ball to play, provided the following conditions are met: A. If the cue ball is pocketed or goes out of bounds, it is returned to the spot. B. If the 8-ball is pocketed or goes out of bounds, it is returned to the spot. C. If a colored ball is pocketed, it is not removed; balls that go out of bounds are returned to the rack. 3. After the break, if a player pockets one or more object balls from different groups, they retain the turn and may select an object ball to play, but must first hit the designated ball on the second shot. 4. If no colored balls are pocketed after a legal break, the player loses the turn. 5. If the breaking player commits a foul during the break, and any object ball is pocketed but not removed, the player loses the turn, and the opponent takes their turn to select an object ball to which they have claim. 6. Only the break shot does not require a designated pocket.

After determining the right to break, the winner of the coin toss may choose to break first or allow the opponent to break; subsequent frames will follow a rotating break order.

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